About August Bebel
Ferdinand August Bebel (22 February 1840 – 13 August 1913) was a German social democratic politician. One of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), he was a leader of the German workers' movement for over four decades. Bebel served as a member of parliament in the North German Confederation from 1867 to 1870 and in the German Empire from 1871 until his death in 1913, becoming the movement's leading parliamentary voice. Born into poverty in Prussia, Bebel was orphaned at a young age and apprenticed as a woodturner. His experiences as a traveling journeyman exposed him to the hardships of the working class and led him to socialist politics in the 1860s. With Wilhelm Liebknecht, he was a founder of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) in 1869, which in 1875 merged with the General German Workers' Association to form what would become the SPD. Bebel became a central figure in the German socialist movement, opposing the nationalist and state-oriented socialism of Ferdinand Lassalle in favor of a more orthodox Marxist, internationalist position. During the Franco-Prussian War, he gained notoriety for his opposition to the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, which led to his conviction for high treason in 1872. During the era of the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878–1890), when the SPD was outlawed, Bebel became the party's central figure, guiding it through years of persecution from both within Germany and from exile in Switzerland. He was instrumental in maintaining party unity, purging anarchist influences, and establishing the party's official newspaper, Der Sozialdemokrat. After the repeal of the laws in 1890, Bebel oversaw the SPD's transformation into a mass party, helping to draft its influential Erfurt Program in 1891. In his later years, he defended the party's orthodox Marxist principles against the revisionist theories of Eduard Bernstein while simultaneously pursuing a pragmatic, reformist course in the Reichstag. His work, particularly his influential 1879 book Woman and Socialism, established him as a leading figure in the socialist movement's advocacy for women's rights. By the time of his death in 1913, Bebel was revered by the German working class and recognized internationally as a major political figure. His funeral in Zurich was a major international event, attended by leaders of the Second International. He left behind a party that had grown into the largest in Germany, and his legacy influenced the course of both West and East German politics in the 20th century. In May 1863, Lassalle founded the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) in Leipzig. Bebel and his associates in the educational associations, wary of Lassalle's pro-Prussian stance and authoritarian methods, founded a rival organization, the League of German Workers' Associations (VDAV), at a convention in Frankfurt in June 1863. As a leader of the German workers' movement for over four decades, Bebel served as a member of parliament in both the North German Confederation and the German Empire, becoming the movement's leading parliamentary voice.
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